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Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is usually spread through close, personal contact with an infected person or when a person unknowingly ingests the virus from objects, food, or drinks that are contaminated by small amounts of stool (poop) from an infected person. Most adults with hepatitis A have symptoms, including fatigue, low appetite, stomach pain, nausea, and jaundice.
Hepatitis B is a liver disease that can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong illness. It is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of a person who is not infected.
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B are both serious viral infections that affect the liver, but they are spread in different ways. Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through close personal contact with an infected person. Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other bodily fluids from an infected person enter the body of someone who is not infected, commonly through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during birth.
Both viruses can cause acute illnesses with symptoms such as extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). While Hepatitis A generally resolves on its own without causing long-term liver damage, Hepatitis B can lead to a chronic, lifelong infection that may result in severe liver disease, including cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 or 0139. An estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths occur each year around the world. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can be severe. Approximately 1 in 10 people who get sick with cholera will develop severe symptoms such as watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these people, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours.
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are life threatening illnesses caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi and Salmonella serotype Paratyphi, respectively. These diseases are spread through sewage contamination of food or water and through person-to-person contact.
JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68 000 clinical cases every year. Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30%-50% of those with encephalitis.
Yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South America. The virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Infection with the virus may cause a potentially lethal pansystemic disease with fever, jaundice, renal failure and hemorrhage.
Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease. It can spread to people and pets if they are bitten or scratched by a rabid animal. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system. If a person does not receive the appropriate medical care after a potential rabies exposure, the virus can cause disease in the brain, ultimately resulting in death.
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite. It is primarily spread to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The mosquitoes pick up the parasite when they bite an infected person and then transmit it when they bite someone else. Because the parasite infects red blood cells, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, sharing infected needles, or from a mother to her unborn child during pregnancy. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.
Symptoms of malaria usually begin 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, though they can sometimes appear much later. Early symptoms are often flu-like and include high fever, shaking chills, extreme tiredness, muscle and joint pain, headache, nausea, and vomiting. If not diagnosed and treated promptly, the infection can progress to severe malaria, which can cause life-threatening complications such as kidney or liver failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness, commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has caused millions of cases worldwide, typically occurring in outbreaks that can affect large populations. Symptoms usually begin within a week of a mosquito bite and include sudden high fever, severe joint pain, headache, muscle aches, fatigue and rash. While most people recover fully, joint pain can persist for weeks or months.
Bacterial meningitis is serious. Some people with the infection die and death can occur in as little as a few hours. However, most people recover from bacterial meningitis. Those who do recover can have permanent disabilities, such as brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. CDC vaccination for people traveling to or living in the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa.
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a severe infection of the lungs caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. It causes the air sacs in one or both lungs to become inflamed and fill with fluid or pus, significantly restricting oxygen intake. The bacteria are generally spread from person to person through direct contact with respiratory secretions, such as saliva or mucus, which most commonly happens when an infected person coughs or sneezes in close proximity to others.
Symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening depending on a person’s age and overall health. Common signs include a persistent cough that may produce greenish, yellow, or bloody phlegm, high fever, sweating, shaking chills, shortness of breath, and sharp chest pain that worsens when you breathe deeply or cough. Severe cases can lead to serious complications requiring hospitalization, particularly in young children, adults over 65, and individuals with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems.
Shingles is a serious disease that can cause a blistering rash resulting in severe pain that has the potential to linger. An estimated 1in 3 people get shingles in their lifetime. The shingles virus, also called Varicella Zoster virus, is the same one that causes chickenpox in childhood which becomes dormant and causes Shingles in later life.
etanus enters the body through cuts or wounds and can lead to being unable to open the mouth, having trouble swallowing and breathing, or death. Diphtheria is an infectious bacteria which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, or death. Pertussis (aP), also known as “whooping cough,” can cause uncontrollable, violent coughing that makes it hard to breathe, eat, or drink.
Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. It is one of the common infections that can also affect travellers and so is strongly recommended
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. While many infections clear on their own, persistent HPV can cause genital warts or lead to cancers of the cervix, anus, or throat.
Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Td, Adacel)
These are serious bacterial infections. Tetanus enters through cuts and causes severe muscle spasms. Diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) spread through coughing and sneezing, leading to a thick throat coating and violent, breathing-restricting coughing fits, respectively.